The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) plays a critical role in helping low-income individuals and families afford food, while also promoting personal responsibility and work participation. To balance these goals, SNAP enforces two categories of work requirements: general work obligations for most recipients, and specific rules for able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs). Understanding these rules—and the exemptions—can help applicants maintain their benefits without disruption.
General SNAP Work Requirements (Ages 16–59)
Individuals aged 16 to 59 who are physically and mentally capable of working are generally expected to meet certain conditions to stay eligible for SNAP. These general work requirements include:
- Registering for work through their state’s employment services.
- Accepting suitable job offers without unreasonable refusal.
- Participating in employment or training programs if referred by the state SNAP agency.
- Avoiding voluntary job quits or hour reductions that drop below 30 hours per week without a valid reason.
Who Is Exempt from General Work Requirements?
Some individuals may qualify for exemptions, including those who:
- Already work at least 30 hours per week or earn wages equivalent to the federal minimum wage for those hours.
- Are meeting work obligations under other assistance programs, such as TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) or unemployment insurance.
- Are responsible for caring for a child under six or a disabled household member.
- Have a medical, physical, or mental condition that prevents them from working.
- Are pregnant.
- Are enrolled in school at least half-time (though special rules may apply to college students).
- Participate regularly in substance abuse treatment programs.
Failure to comply with these general rules may lead to disqualification from SNAP benefits for at least one month. Repeated noncompliance can result in longer, even permanent, bans.
Special Rules for Able-Bodied Adults Without Dependents (ABAWDs)
In addition to the general requirements, ABAWDs—adults between ages 18 and 54 with no dependents and no medical limitations—face stricter time limits on SNAP eligibility unless they meet specific work-related criteria.
What Must ABAWDs Do to Maintain Benefits?
To receive SNAP for more than three months in any three-year period, ABAWDs must engage in at least one of the following activities:
- Work at least 80 hours per month, including paid jobs, volunteer work, or barter-based labor.
- Participate in a workfare or community service program as determined by their state.
- Combine employment and state-approved training or educational programs to reach 80 hours per month.
ABAWD Exemptions: Who Doesn’t Have to Meet These Rules?
Certain ABAWDs are not required to meet the above conditions if they:
- Are medically unfit to work due to physical or mental issues.
- Are pregnant.
- Live in a SNAP household with a child under 18 years of age.
- Qualify for one or more general exemptions mentioned earlier.
- Are veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces.
- Are homeless.
- Are under 25 and were in foster care when they turned 18.
Recent Changes to ABAWD Age Rules
In response to federal policy updates, the age range for ABAWD requirements is gradually expanding. The new age limits are being phased in as follows:
- Since September 1, 2023: Adults aged 51 and under must comply with ABAWD rules.
- Since October 1, 2023: The age threshold rose to 53.
- Starting October 1, 2024: Adults up to 55 years old will be subject to ABAWD rules.
These changes mean that older adults who were previously exempt may now need to meet work requirements to retain their SNAP eligibility.
Final Thoughts
The work requirements under SNAP are designed not just to offer short-term relief but to promote long-term self-sufficiency. While the rules can be strict, many individuals qualify for exemptions based on age, health, caregiving responsibilities, or other factors. Knowing the expectations—and your rights—can help ensure continued access to this essential support system.
If you think you may be subject to these requirements, it’s important to contact your local SNAP office to understand your specific situation and explore available work or training programs that can help you stay eligible.
